Windows 8 Bocor ke Publik

Tidak habis di Windows 7 saja, Microsoft masih terus berinovasi mempercanggih sistem operasi terbarunya. Setelah Windows 7  maka Microsoft akan segera membuat Windows 8 yang dikabarkan akan meluncur pada tahun 2012 nanti. Berita ini berkembang setelah roadmap peluncurkan produk-produk Microsoft berhasil tersebar luas di internet.

Saat ini Microsoft sedang kebakaran jenggot. Sebab spesifikasi Windows 8 telah bocor dan tersebar luas di internet. bagaimana tidak kebakaran jenggot, produk yang seharusnya belum direlease tetapi sudah diketahui publik. Parahnya, yang membongkar sistem operasi terbaru itu adalah karyawan Microsoft sendiri.

Detail mengenai Windows 8 bermula dari Robert Morgan yang menuliskannya di dalam kolom profil di situs jaringan bisnis Linkedln. Morgan yang memegang posisi Senior Research and Development menuliskan, kalau dirinya bekerja di departemen penelitian dan pengembangan dengan tingkat keamanan tinggi untuk proyek jangka panjang dan menengah. Namun Morgan sangat ceroboh, dia menuliskan sedang mengerjakan proyek Windows 8 dan berencana membuat Windows 9. Di dalam profil tersebut juga tertulis “Kernel Windows 8 kompatibel dengan arsitektur 128 bit dan Windows 9 sedang dalam perencanaan”. (PC World, 13/10/2009)

Seperti teman-teman ketahui, Windows 7 yang telah dirilis pada 22 Oktober 2009 baru mendukung 32 bit dan 64 bit. Sementara Windows 8 sudah mengalikan bitnya berkali-kali lipat, mungkin siap-siap saja update hardware PC jika inging menggunakan Windows 8.

Ternyata perusahaan besar seperti Microsoft juga bisa mengalami mesalah sepele yang membuat masalah jadi tidak sepele. He… Kita tunggu saja kedatangan Windows 8, semoga ramalan suku maya di tahun 2012 tidaklah benar. He…

Cara Update/Upgrade Windows XP SP1 SP2 ke SP3 Secara Offline

Anda masih menggunakan Windows XP Service Pack 1 maupun SP 2,atau malah gak tahu windows yang dipake apa?waduh kok sampe gak tahu gimana too hehehe,anda bisa menggunakan software Speccy untuk mengetahuinya,mulai dari jenis windowsnya apa,bitnya berapa 32 atau 64,dan SPnya juga,bisa kita ketahui dengan program speccy tersebut,baiklah kalau sudah tahu ternyata sp yang digunakan adalah sp1 atau sp2,lalu bagaimana biar bisa di update atau Upgrade ke SP 3 secara offline tentunya,tanpa perlu koneksi internet,tapi ngomong2 yang bener update apa upgrade yahh?apa sama saja antara update dengan upgrade,yahh harap maklum saja,la wong diriku orang Gaptek,makanya judulnya Update/Upgrade,sama aja kayak postingan saya kemarin Disable/Enable Javascript,sapa tahu aja ada yang lagi pengen tahu cara enable javascript atau kebalikannya hehehe.Lalu bagaimana caranya untuk Upgrade ke SP 3?.

- Pertama tama anda harus pastikan,kalau windows SP1 atau SP2 yang sedang anda gunakan adalah Genuine,anda bisa cek dengan tool Microsoft Genuine Advantage Diagnostic,untuk mengetahui asli tidaknya XPnya.Dan jika memang tidak original XP yang anda gunakan,bisa dirubah serialnya tanpa harus instal ulang,silahkan baca postingan saya tentang cara menjadikan XP Bajakan menjadi asli.
- Kedua,setelah anda tahu XPnya genuine,selanjutnya adalah mendownload terlebih dahulu InstallerWindows Service pack 3,anda bisa Download Disini installer SP3nya,filenya sebesar 316,43 MB langsung dari situs Microsoft,kalau pengen cepet beres downloadnya ya pake IDM atau pake DAP juga bisa.
- Setelah beres donlotnya,anda tinggal menginstalnya,sampai selesai dan restart PC anda.
dan selamat deh karena sekarang windows XP yang anda gunakan sudah XP SP 3,.
-Apakah cukup sampai disitu saja,ya kalau pengen lebih bagus lagi,silahkan anda update Securitynya secara online,anda bisa gunakan browsers Internet Explorer,pada bagian menu Tools pilih Windows Update lalu pilih saja yang Costum,silahkan anda instal yang termasuk dalam High-priority updates,terutama yang namanya security hehehe,biar komputer anda lebih aman lagi dari berbagai macam gangguan virus dan teman temannya.
Oke dah cukup sampai disini dulu yang bisa saya share,kalau ada yang kebingungan cara upgradenya silahkan tanyakan saja,semoga saya bisa membantunya.

Perlu anda ketahui,Tips maupun cara Update/Upgrade ke SP 3 ini,sudah melalui uji coba terlebih dahulu,dari Komputer saya yang masih SP 1 langsung saya Upgrade ke SP 3 berhasil 100 persen tanpa ada error atau masalah,dan dari PC saya yang menggunakan Service Pack 2 langsung saya Upgrade ke SP 3 berjalan lancar,Jadi kalau anda masih menggunakan Windows XP SP 1 maupun 2 lebih baik melakukan Update ke SP 3 jika memang Genuine OS XPnya.

Perintah DOS Beserta Fungsinya

Berikut daftar lengkap perintah DOS beserta fungsinya :

# ADDUSERS : Menambah/melihat daftar user melalui CSV file
# ARP : Address Resolution Protocol
# ASSOC : Mengganti ekstensi file asosiasi
# ASSOCIAT : Menjalankan file asosiasi satu langkah
# AT : Menjadwalkan perintah yang akan dijalankan lain waktu
# ATTRIB : Mengganti attribut file

# BOOTCFG : Mengedit pengaturan Windows boot
# BROWSTAT : Mengambil domain, browser dan PDC info

# CACLS : Mengganti permision file
# CALL : Memanggil salah satu program dari kelompok program
# CD : Pindah direktori/pindah folder
# CHANGE : Mengganti properties Terminal Server Session
# CHKDSK : Cek disk/harddisk dan memperbaiki permasalah harddisk
# CHKNTFS : Cek NTFS file system
# CHOICE : Menyetujui/memilih tombol input keyboard untuk memanggil file
# CIPHER : Enkripsi/dekripsi file atau folder
# CleanMgr : Menghapus otomatis temporary file termasuk recycle bin
# CLEARMEM : Menghapus/membersihkan memory
# CLIP : Mengcopy STDIN ke Windows clipboard.
# CLS : Membersihkan/menghilangkan layar
# CLUSTER : Clustering Windows
# CMD : Memulai/membuka command prompt
# COLOR : Mengganti warna layar command prompt
# COMP : Membandingkan isi dua file atau lebih
# COMPACT : Mengompress file atau folder pada partisi NTFS
# COMPRESS : Mengompress sebuah file pada partisis NTFS
# CON2PRT : Menghubungkan atau memutus koneksi printer
# CONVERT : Mengganti dari partisi FAT ke NTFS.
# COPY : Mencopy satu atau lebih files
# CSVDE : Import/Export Active Directory data

# DATE : Menampilkan tanggal
# Dcomcnfg : DCOM Configuration Utility
# DEFRAG : Mendefragmen harddisk
# DEL : Menghapus file
# DELPROF : Menghapus profil user NT
# DELTREE : Menghapus folder dan subfolder
# DevCon : Device Manager Command Line Utility
# DIR : Menampilkan daftar file dan folder
# DIRUSE : Menampilkan daftar disk yang terpakai
# DISKCOMP : Membandingkan isi dua buah floppy disk
# DISKCOPY : Mengcopy isi Floppy disk
# DNSSTAT : DNS Statistik
# DOSKEY : Mengedit baris perintah, memanggil ulang perintah, dan membuat macros
# DSADD : Menambah user dan grup komputer di active directory
# DSQUERY : Menampilkan daftar item di active directory
# DSMOD : Memodifikasi user dan grup komputer di active directory

# ECHO : Menampilkan pesan di layar
# ENDLOCAL : Menampilkan perubahan pada akhir kelompok file
# ERASE : Menghapus satu atau lebih file
# EXIT : Keluar dari commant prompt
# EXPAND : Menggelar file
# EXTRACT : Mengekstrak file

# FC : Membandingkan dua file
# FDISK : Menampilkan format disk dan partisi
# FIND : Mencari sebuah file
# FINDSTR : Mencari file berdasarkan potongan kata
# FOR : Menampilkan kondisi terakhir yang terjadi pada waktu terakhir
# FORFILES : Menampilkan proses kelompok file
# FORMAT : Memformat disk
# FREEDISK : Melihat kapasitas disk yang kosong
# FSUTIL : Utilitas file dan volume file
# FTP : File Transfer Protocol
# FTYPE : Menampilkan atau mengganti ekstensi file

# GLOBAL : Menampilkan user dari grup global
# GOTO : Mengakses langsung kelompok program melalui label program pada command line

# HELP : Bantuan
# HFNETCHK : Network Security Hotfix Checker

# IF : Salah satu perintah kondisi
# IFMEMBER : Kondisi salah satu user di NT Workgroup
# IPCONFIG : Konfigurasi IP (Internet Protocol)

# KILL : Mematikan/menghapus program yang sedang berjalan di memory

# LABEL : Mengganti label disk
# LOCAL : Menampilkan anggota sebuah grup
# LOGEVENT : Menulis file di NT event viewer.
# LOGOFF : Logoff
# LOGTIME : Menampilkan Log tanggal dan waktu pada sebuah file

# MAPISEND : Mengirim e-mail dengan baris perintah
# MEM : Menampilkan memori yang terpakai
# MD : Membuat sebuah folder
# MODE : Mengkonfigurasi system device
# MORE : Menampilakn output/hasil berikutnya dilayar
# MOUNTVOL : Manajemen volume mount point
# MOVE : Memindahkan file
# MOVEUSER : Memindahkan user
# MSG : Mengirim pesan
# MSIEXEC : Microsoft Windows Installer
# MSINFO : Windows NT diagnosik
# MSTSC : Terminal Server Connection (Remote Desktop Protocol)
# MUNGE : Mencari dan mereplika teks dalam sebuah file
# MV : Mencopy file yang sedang aktif

# NET : Manajemen jaringan yang digunakan
# NETDOM : Domain Manager
# NETSH : Mengkonfigurasi network protocols
# NETSVC : Daftar perintah Service Controller
# NBTSTAT : Menampilkan statistik jaringan (NetBIOS TCP/IP)
# NETSTAT : Menampilkan statistik jaringan (TCP/IP)
# NOW : Menampilkan tanggal dan waktu sekarang
# NSLOOKUP : Name server lookup
# NTBACKUP : Membackup file
# NTRIGHTS : Mengedit user
# PATH : Menampilkan alamat (path) sebuah program
# PATHPING : Menelusuri jejak koneksi yang terganggu dan kehilangan paket
# PAUSE : Mengentikan proses sejenak pada program atau perintah yang sedang berjalan
# PERMS : Menampilkan user permition
# PERFMON : Memonitor permorma
# PING : Mengetes koneksi jaringan
# POPD : Restore ke harga awal pada direktori asli berdasarkan PUSHD
# PORTQRY : Menampilkan status port dan services
# PRINT : Mencetak teks
# PRNCNFG : Menampilkan, mengkonfigurasi atau mengganti nama printer
# PRNMNGR : Menambah, menghapus atau mendefault printer
# PROMPT : Mengganti perintah
# PsExec : Mengeksekusi proses secara remote
# PsFile : Menampilkan file yang terbuka secara remote
# PsGetSid : Menampilkan SID komputer pengguna
# PsInfo : Menampilkan informasi sistem komputer
# PsKill : Mematikan proses berdasarkan nama atau ID proses
# PsList : Menampilkan detail proses yang sedang berjalan
# PsLoggedOn : Melihat siapa yang sedang Logon baik local maupun sharing
# PsLogList : Menampilkan rekaman LOG
# PsPasswd : Mengganti password account
# PsService : Menampilkan dan mengontrol services
# PsShutdown : Shutdown atau merestart komputer
# PsSuspend : Suspend
# PUSHD : Menyimpan kemudian mengganti pada direktori asli
# QGREP : Mencari file berdasarkan pola

# RASDIAL : Manajemen RAS connections
# RASPHONE : Manajemen RAS connections
# RECOVER : Merecover file yang rusak dari disk
# REG : Membaca, mengeset atau menghapus registry key atau value
# REGEDIT : Mengimpor/eksport pengaturan registry
# REGSVR32 : Register atau unregister DLL file
# REGINI : Mengganti Registry Permissions
# REM : Merekam komentar pada kelompok file
# REN : Mengganti nama file
# REPLACE : Menindih (replace) atau mengupdate file dengan file lainya
# RD : Menghapus folder
# RDISK : Membuat Recovery Disk
# RMTSHARE : Sharing folder atau printer
# ROBOCOPY : Menyalin file atau folder secara keseluruhan (asli)
# ROUTE : Manipulasi network routing tabel
# RUNAS : Menjalankan program pada user account berbeda
# RUNDLL32 : Menjalankan perintah DLL32

# SC : Service Control
# SCHTASKS : Membuat atau mengedit schedule task
# SCLIST : Menampilkan service NT yang sedang berjalan
# ScriptIt : Mengontrol aplikasi GUI
# SET : Menampilkan, mengeset atau menghapus variabel tertentu
# SETLOCAL : Mengubah local konfigurasi sementara pada kelompok file
# SETX : Mengatur konfigurasi variabel secara permanen
# SHARE : Menampilkan atau mengedit data/printer sharing
# SHIFT : Menyisipkan parameter pada kelompok file
# SHORTCUT : Membuat shortcut file
# SHOWGRPS : Menampilkan NT Workgroups user yang tergabung
# SHOWMBRS : Menampilkan keanggotaan user pada sebuah workgroup
# SHUTDOWN : Mematikan komputer
# SLEEP : Mematikan sementara (x second)
# SOON : Menjadwalkan perintah agar berjalan pada waktu yang akan datang
# SORT : Sort input
# START : Menjalankan program tertentu pada jendela terpisah
# SU : Switch User
# SUBINACL : Edit file, folder Permissions, Ownership dan Domain
# SUBST : Mengurutkan lokasi berdasarkan drive letter
# SYSTEMINFO : Menampilkan daftar konfigurasi sistem

# TASKLIST : Menampilkan daftar aplikasi dan service yang sedang berjalan
# TIME : Menampilkan atau mengkonfigurasi tanggal/waktu
# TIMEOUT : Penundaan proses
# TITLE : Mengatur judul jendela CMD.EXE pada waktu berjalan
# TOUCH : Mengganti stempel waktu (timestamps) file
# TRACERT : Menelusuri route jaringan pada remote host
# TREE : Menampilkan folder terstruktur pada mode grafis
# TYPE : Menampilkan isi sebuah file

# USRSTAT : Menampilkan daftar nama domain dan sesi login terakhir

# VER : Menampilkan informasi versi
# VERIFY : Memverifikasi file yang telah disimpan
# VOL : Menampilkan label disk

# WHERE : Menentukan dan menampilkan lokasi file pada stuktur direktori
# WHOAMI : Menampilkan UserName dan domain sebenarnya
# WINDIFF : Membandingkan isi dua buah file dan konfigurasinya
# WINMSD : Diagnosa sistem windows
# WINMSDP : Diagnosa sistem windows lainya
# WMIC : Perintah WMI

# XCACLS : Mengganti file permission
# XCOPY : mengcopy files dan folder

Windows Vista Star Menu

Windows Vista sudah diluncurkan sejak beberapa tahun yang lalu tapi masih banyak orang yang masih lebih senang menggunakan Windows XP. Alasan utamanya mungkin karena spesifikasi hardware yang dibutuhkan untuk menjalankan Windows Vista lebih tinggi.

Kalau Anda tetap ingin menggunakan Windows XP tapi pengen “merasakan” tampilan dan fungsionalitas start menu seperti pada Windows Vista, Anda bisa menggunakan software gratis berikut ini:




Download Vista Star Menu

Linux for Newbee

I. What is Linux?
II. Trying it out
III. Installing
IV. What to do now
V. The Console

Intro:
This tutorial is written with the total Linux n00b in mind.
I've seen too many n00bs get totally left in the dark by asking what
the best distro is. They seem to only get flooded with too many
answers in so short a time. I'm a little bit of a n00b too, so I know
how it feels. I will cover a grand total of two basic distros. You may
learn to strongly prefer other ones (I do!) but this is just to get
you started. I touch on a number of topics that would be impossible to
go into in depth in one tutorial, so I encourage you to actively seek
out more about the concepts I make reference to.

I. What is Linux?
Linux is basically an operating system (OS for short). The Windows
machine you're (probably) using now uses the Mcft Windows
operating system.
Ok, so what's so different about Linux?
Linux is part of a revolutionary movement called the open-source
movement. The history and intricacies of that movement are well beyond
the scope of this tutorial, but I'll try and explain it simply. Open
source means that the developers release the source code for all their
customers to view and alter to fit what they need the software to do,
what they want the software to do, and what they feel software should
do. Linux is a programmer?s dream come true, it has the best compilers,
libraries, and tools in addition to its being open-source. A
programmer's only limit then, is his knowledge, skill, time, and
resolve.

What is a distro?

A distro is short for a distribution. It's someone's personal
modification or recreation of Linux.

What do you mean by distros? I just want Linux!
Since Linux is open source, every developer can write his own version.
Most of those developers release their modifications, or entire
creations as free and open source. A few don't and try to profit from
their product, which is a topic of moral debate in the Linux world.
The actual Linux is just a kernel that serves as a node of
communication between various points of the system (such as the CPU,
the mouse, the hard drive etc.). In order to use this kernel, we must
find a way to communicate with it. The way we communicate is with a
shell. Shells will let us enter commands in ways that make sense to
us, and send those commands to the kernel in ways that makes sense to
it. The shell most Linux's use it the BASH shell (Bourne Again SHell).
The kernel by itself will not do, and just a shell on top of the kernel
won?t either for most users; we are then forced to use a distribution.

What distro is best?

This is not the question you want to ask a large number of people at
one time. This is very much like asking what kind of shoe is best,
you'll get answers anywhere from running shoes, hiking boots, cleats,
to wingtips. You need to be specific about what you plan on using
Linux for, what system you want to use it on, and many other things. I
will cover two that are quick and easy to get running. They may not be
the best, or the quickest, or the easiest, or the most powerful, but
this is a guide for getting started, and everyone has to start
somewhere.

How much does it cost?

computer + electricity + internet + CD burner and CDs = Linux
I'll let you do your own math.
Note however that a few do charge for their distros, but they aren't
all that common, and can be worked around. Also, if you lack internet
access or a CD burner or CDs or you just want to, you can normally
order CDs of the distro for a few dollars apiece.


II. Trying it out.

Wouldn't it stink if you decide to wipe out your hard drive and install
Linux as the sole operating system only to learn that you don't know
how to do anything and hate it? Wouldn?t it be better to take a test
drive? 95 out of a 100 of you know where I'm heading with this section
and can therefore skip it. For those of you who don't know, read on.

There are many distros, and most distros try to have something that
makes them stand out. Knoppix was the first live-CD distro. Although
most of the other main distros have formed their own live-CDs, Knoppix
is still the most famous and I will be covering how to acquire it.

A live-CD distro is a distribution of Linux in which the entire OS can
be run off of the CD-ROM and your RAM. This means that no installation
is required and the distro will not touch your hard disk or current OS
(unless you tell it to). On bootup, the CD will automatically detect
your hardware and launch you into Linux. To get back to Windows, just
reboot and take the CD out.

Go to the Knoppix website (www.knoppix.com). Look around some to get
more of an idea on what Knoppix is. When you're ready, click Download.
You'll be presented with a large amount of mirrors, some of which have
ftp and some of which have http also.

note: the speed of the mirrors vary greatly, and you may want to
change mirrors should your download be significantly slow.


Choose a mirror. Read the agreement and choose accept. You'll probably
want to download the newest version and in your native language (I'll
assume English in this tutorial). So choose the newest file ending in
-EN.iso





note: you might want to also verify the md5 checksums after the
download, if you don't understand this, don't worry too much. You just
might have to download it again should the file get corrupted (you'll
have to anyway with the md5). Also, a lot of times a burn can be
botched for who-knows what reason. If the disk doesn?t work at all,
try a reburn.


Once the .iso file is done downloading, fire up your favorite
CD-burning software. Find the option to burn a CD image (for Nero, this
is under copy and backup) and burn it to a disk. Make sure you don't
just copy the .iso, you have to burn the image, which will unpack all
the files onto the CD.

Once the disk is done, put it in the CD-ROM drive and reboot the
computer. While your computer is booting, enter CMOS (how to get to
CMOS varies for each computer, some get to it by F1 or F2 or F3, etc.)
Go to the bootup configuration and place CD-ROM above hard disk. Save
changes and exit. Now, Knoppix will automatically start. You will be
presented with a boot prompt. Here you can input specific boot
parameters (called cheatcodes), or just wait and let it boot up using
the default.

note: Sometimes USB keyboards do not work until the OS has somewhat
booted up. Once you?re actually in Knoppix, your USB keyboard should
work, but you may not be able to use cheatcodes. If you need to,
attach a PS/2 keyboard temporarily. Also, if a particular aspect of
hardware detection does not work, look for a cheatcode to disable it.
Cheatcodes can be found on the Knoppix website in text format (or in
HTML at www.knoppix.net/docs/index.php/CheatCodes).

Upon entering the KDE desktop environment, spend some time exploring
around. Surf the web, get on IM, play some games, explore the
filesystem, and whatever else seems interesting. When your done, open
up the console (also called terminal, xterm, konsole, or even shell)
and get ready for the real Linux. See section V for what to do from
here.

note: to function as root (or the superuser) type su.


It's not entirely necessary that you are a console wizard at this point
(although you will need to be sooner or later), but a little messing
around wont hurt.

Just as there are many Linux distros, so there are also many types of
Knoppix. I won?t go into using any of them, but they should all be
somewhat similar. Some of them include: Gnoppix, Knoppix STD, Morphix,
and PHLAK. Other distros also have live-CDs.

III. Installing

I will guide you through the installation of Fedora Core 2. The reason
I chose Fedora is because it contains the Anaconda installer, which is
a very easy installer.

Download the discs from here:
http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/fedo...ore/2/i386/iso/
If the link doesn?t work, then go to www.redhat.com and navigate your
way to downloading Fedora (odds are your architecture is i386).
You will want to download the FC2-i386-disc1.iso and burn it using the
method for Knoppix. Do the same for all the discs.

Note: do NOT download the FC2-i386-SRPMS-disc1.iso files.

Now, once you?re ready, insert disc 1 into the drive and reboot.

The installer should come up automatically (if not, then see the
Knoppix section on CMOS).

Note: installer may vary depending on version. Follow directions best
you can using your best judgement.

1. Language: choose English and hit enter
2. Keyboard: choose us (probably) and hit enter
3. Installation media: choose local CDROM (probably) and hit enter
4. CD test: you can choose to test or skip
5. Intro: click next
6. Monitor: choose your monitor to the best of your ability, if you?re unsure, choose on of the generic ones
7. Installation type: choose which ever you want (default should be fine)
8. Partition: choose to automatically partition (unless you know what you?re doing)
9. Partition: the default partitions should suffice
10. Boot loader: choose your boot loader (grub for default)
11. Network settings: choose the correct settings for your network (generally, don?t mess with anything unless you know what you?re doing)
12. Firewall: you can choose a firewall if you want to
13. Language support: choose any additional language support you want
14. Time zone: pick your time zone
15. Root password: set your root password (root is the admin, or superuser; you want it to be very secure)
16. Packages: choose which packages you want to install. For hard drives over 10 gigs, you can go ahead and choose all
packages (depending on how much disk space you plan on taking up later, note that most everything you?ll need is a package: the exception
being large media files). You will generally want to install all the packages you think you?ll ever need. Two desktop environments aren?t necessary.
Make sure you have at least one and the X window system! (if you want a GUI that is). I suggest you get all the servers too.

Note: Knoppix uses the KDE Desktop environment

17. Make sure everything is all right, and install
18. You can create a boot disk if you want

Note: Desktop environments might have a set-up once you enter them

IV What to do now

Now that you have a Linux set-up and running, there are many paths you
can head down. First, you should explore your GUI and menus. Browse
the web with Mozilla, get on IM with GAIM, play games, add/delete
users, check out OpenOffice, and anything else that might be part of
your daily use. Also, set up a few servers on your computer to play
around with, specifically SMTP (*wink*wink*), FTP (vsftp is a good
one), and either telnet or SSH (OpenSSH is a good one). The setup and
use of these are beyond the scope of this tutorial, but researching
them could prove to be very educational.

The filesystem
The Linux (and Unix) filesystem is different from the normal Windows
that you?re used to. In Windows, your hard drive is denoted ?C:\? (or
whatever). In Linux, it is called the root directory and is denoted
?/?. In the / directory, there are several default folders, including
dev (device drivers) mnt (mount) bin (binaries) usr (Unix System
Resources) home, etc, and others. I encourage you to explore around
the whole file system (see section V) and research more.

Once you are well situated, it?s time to get into the heart and power
of Linux: the console. The next session will guide you through it and
set you on the path to finding out how to do stuff for yourself. You
will (probably) want to start learning to rely less and less on the
GUI and figure out how to do everything through the console (try
launching all your programs from the console, for example).

V. The Console

The Console might look familiar to DOS if you?ve ever used it. The
prompt should look something like the following:

AvatharTri@localhost avathartri$

With the blinking _ following it. This can vary greatly as it is fully
customizable. Let?s get started with the commands.

First, let?s explore the file system. The command ls will "list" the
files in the current directory. Here?s an example:

AvatharTri@localhost avathartri$ ls

It should then display the contents of the current directory if there
are any. Almost all commands have options attached to them. For
example, using the -l option, which is short for "long" will display
more information about the files listed.

AvatharTri@localhost avathartri$ ls -l

We will get into how to find out the options for commands and what
they do later.

The second command to learn will be the cd command, or "change
directory". To use it, you type cd followed by a space and the
directory name you wish to go into. In Linux, the top directory is /
(as opposed to C:\ in Windows). Let?s get there by using this command:

AvatharTri@localhost avathartri$ cd /
AvatharTri@localhost /$

Now, we are in the top directory. Use the ls command you learned
earlier to see everything that?s here. You should see several items,
which are directories. Now, let?s go into the home directory:

AvatharTri@localhost /$ cd home
AvatharTri@localhost home$

And you can now ls and see what?s around. In Linux there are some
special symbol shortcuts for specific folders. You can use these
symbols with cd, ls, or several other commands. The symbol ~ stands
for your home folder. One period . represents the directory your
currently in. Two periods .. represent the directory immediately above
your own. Here?s an example of the commands:

AvatharTri@localhost home$ cd ~
AvatharTri@localhost avathartri$

This moved us to our user?s personal directory.

AvatharTri@localhost avathartri$ cd .
AvatharTri@localhost avathartri$ cd ..
AvatharTri@localhost home$

The cd .. moved us up to the home directory.
As you?ve probably noticed by now, the section behind the prompt
changes as you change folders, although it might not always be the
case as it?s up to the personal configuration.

You can use these symbols with the ls command also to view what is in
different folders:

AvatharTri@localhost home$ ls ~
AvatharTri@localhost home$ ls ..

And you can view what is in a folder by specifying its path:

AvatharTri@localhost home$ ls /
AvatharTri@localhost home$ ls /home

The last command we will cover as far as finding your way around the
filesystem is the cat command. The cat command will show the contents
of a file. Find a file by using the cd and ls commands and then view
its contents with the cat command.

AvatharTri@localhost home$ cd [directory]
AvatharTri@localhost [directory]$ ls
AvatharTri@localhost [directory]$ cat [filename]

Where [directory] is the directory you want to view and [filename] is
the name of the file you want to view. Omit the brackets. Now, if the
file you viewed was a text file, you should see text, but if it wasn?t,
you might just see jumbled garbage, but this is ok. If the file goes
by too fast and goes off the screen, don?t worry, we will get to how
to scroll through it later.

One of the most useful commands is the man command, which displays the
"manual" for the command you want to know more about. To learn more
about the ls command:

AvatharTri@localhost home$ man ls

And you will see the manual page for ls. It displays the syntax, a
description, options, and other useful tidbits of information. Use the
up and down arrows to scroll and press q to exit. You can view the
manual pages for any command that has one (most commands do). Try this
out with all the commands that you know so far:

AvatharTri@localhost home$ man cd
AvatharTri@localhost home$ man cat
AvatharTri@localhost home$ man man

One very crucial option to the man command is the -k option. This will
search the descriptions of manual pages for the word you specify. You
can use this to find out what command to do what you need to do. For
example, let?s say we want to use a text editor:

AvatharTri@localhost home$ man -k editor

And you should see a list of apps with a short description and the
word "editor" in the description.

With a blank prompt, you can hit tab twice for Linux to display all
the possible commands. For Linux to display all the commands beginning
with a certain letter or series of letters, type those letters and hit
tab twice.

Note: This is actually a function of BASH and not Linux, but BASH is
the default Linux shell.

Now that you know a little about moving around the filesystem and
viewing manual pages, there is one more trick that we will cover to
help you out. Remember how the man pages were scrollable as in you
could use the arrow keys to scroll up and down? That is because the
man pages use something called the less pager. We?re not going to go
into what this does exactly and how it works, but that?s definitely
something that you will want to look up. Here?s how to use the less
pager with a file:

AvatharTri@localhost home$ cat [filename] | less

That uses something called a pipe. The line is the vertical line above
enter on your keyboard. Briefly, what this does is take the output
from the cat command, and stick it in the less pager. By doing this,
you can view files that would normally run off the screen and scroll
up and down.

Some final commands to check out:

mkdir - make directories
cp - copy file
mv - move file
rm - remove file
rmdir - remove directory
grep - search a file for a keyword
pwd - display current working directory
top - display system resources usage (kill the program with control + c)

FreeBsd Install Guide

A step-by-step guide to installing FreeBSD 5. It assumes moderate experience with linux and leaves you with a fully updated FreeBSD system.


FreeBSD Installation

A. 5.x vs 4.x
The first thing to understand about FreeBSD is that there are two lines of development. The -STABLE branch is marked with a 4.x version number and the most recent version is 4.10. It is well tested and very solid, but does not include the most recent technology. The -CURRENT branch, marked with a 5.x version, is the “unstable” branch. However, it is nicely stable at the moment and is coming along quite well. Most users should go with 5.x and these instructions are only valid for that tree.
NOTE: DragonFlyBSD ( www.dragonflybsd.org ) is a continuation of the 4.x line. It uses lock-less (no mutexes) SMP support and a Light Weight Kernel Threading system. It has a lot of promise and is developing at a breakneck pace, but it should still be thought of as “R/D.”
B. Getting Media
I am not going to say much about this. There are links to various ftp mirrors at www.freebsd.org and the directory structure is fairly self-explanatory. There are however several choices for ISO. You should choose the miniinst ISO. It is small and will include everything you need for the base system.
C. Starting Installation
After, the CD boots up you will enter the...ahh.....majestic sysinstall. You can safely ignore most of the options and just choose a standard installation. Most of the install process is pretty easy and anyone who has some experience with linux or unix will be able to handle it without much stress. However, creating partitions and dealing with drives will seem very odd to your standard linux user.
D. Hard Disc Management in FreeBSD
Ok, the first thing to get used to here is that IDE drives are not hda, hdb...etc. They are ad0, ad1 and so forth. SCSI discs are da0, da1...and so on. There is one other thing that is going to freak some people out. You create slices, not partitions, on the disc and then create partitions within those slices. For example, the first partition in the first slice on the first IDE disc would be ad0s1a. Just accept it.
E. Partitioning
Sysinstall will lead you through the partitioning and its fairly easy to understand. The first part will ask you to choose a disc or discs to partition and then will show you a "slice editor." This is where you will create your slice. I advise you to only make one. While multiple slices are easy to deal with, it just adds complication. If this is not your first installation of a BSD type OS, then you can ignore me and why are you reading this again?
After creating your slice, you will be prompted to choose the drive(s) to install an MBR on. The FreeBSD boot loader is nothing to write home about, but it tends towards working. After this step, you can create partitions. There is not much to say here. At the top of the screen it will show your slice(s) and when one of them is selected you can use the controls to create a partition on it. You will need at least a root and swap partition. On the non-swap partitions it is usually a good idea to enable soft-updates.
F. Distribution Sets
This is a simple section, select minimal.
G. Continue Installation
The rest of this is pretty simple. Make sure you install from the CD and not the Internet. The bulk of the install is now done. After it copies files to your disc, it will start the configuration process. This is all pretty self-evident, but there are a couple things you should know.

Network Configuration
Don't be scared by the names, in *BSD devices are named after their drivers. There is also a short description after the name, so you should be able to choose the right one. The rest of the network config is easy, just follow the prompts.
System Console Configuration

You can pretty much ignore this, you may want to look around for your own knowledge and of course you could pick a nice screen saver here, but other then that I would leave it alone for now.

Time Zone

All I have to say here is that if you live in the US, after you choose “America – North and South” hit the end key. The US is at the bottom of the list and hitting end is the quickest way there.

Linux

Say no, we will do this later and with an updated linux_base.

Mouse

OK, welcome to the wonderful and amazing world of moused. Answer the first question truthfully, and then you can tweak the settings in the “Please configure your mouse” dialog. Whatever you do, be sure to enable the daemon. Also, for most users that is all you will have to do. You can safely ignore the other options.




Package Installation

At this point, the installer will ask you to install binary packages. Say no. These binaries are out of date and not included on our CD.
Of users and roots

This isn't the most thrilling section, add a user when it asks you to and set a root password after that. The only thing I have to say about this process is when the new user dialog comes up leave the “Group:” box unchanged and add “wheel” to the Member groups. You also might want to set your shell to /bin/tcsh. As for setting the root password, if you can't handle that we have bigger problems.

Rebooting

Ok, next it will ask if you would like to visit the general config area. Select no and you will be brought back to the main menu. Exit the install, reboot without the CD in and enjoy the boot messages.

H. The Real Post-Install
At this point, I am going to assume that you are now looking at a login prompt and thinking “my my...FreeBSD boots quite quickly doesn't it.” Well, our task is not done yet...there is a reason we did a minimal install. We are going to do most of it ourselves. First, lets upgrade to -CURRENT. This isn't a practice I would usually recommend, but 5.x is close to being tagged stable and -CURRENT is rather solid at the moment. First, I need to explain how things are done in the BSD world.

Sup?

CVS up; you up; we all CVSUP. Cvsup is a very interesting program that I am not going to explain in detail here. All you really need to know is that it updates source trees. You see, that is the thing. You may be used to /usr/src not doing much. In BSD it has a job, it holds the source for the entire base system. However, we did a minimal install and no source is there. It wouldn't be up2date anyway. So, lets fix that. Login as root and type the following: pkg_add -r cvsup-without-gui

pkg_add is the binary installer for FreeBSD and the -r argument tells it to fetch binaries from the net. It will also fetch any deps that you might need. Switch to another console while this is happening and login as root. Do the following:

cd /etc

cp /usr/share/examples/etc/make.conf /etc/make.conf

cp /usr/share/examples/cvsup/standard-supfile /usr

cp /usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile /usr


chmod u+w /etc/make.conf /usr/standard-supfile /usr/ports-supfile

What was that? Well here is the rundown. Make.conf is the file that controls the building of programs from source on FreeBSD and the supfiles tell cvsup where to get the source for the base system and the ports system, also where to put said source. They come out of /usr/share/examples without the write bit set and that gets annoying. So we set that. Now switch back to the first console and type rehash. This tells tcsh to check its path for new programs. Now, edit the standard supfile that is in /usr. You can either use ee or vi. I like vi. Scroll down to the line that looks a bit odd. It will be something like:

*default host=CHANGE_THIS.FreeBSD.org

The “CHANGE_THIS” is where you put what cvsup server to use. Choose a number between 1 and 9, like 4, and put cvsup4 where CHANGE_THIS is. So it would end up being:

*default host=cvsup4.FreeBSD.org
Now exit your editor and run cvsup /usr/standard-supfile

If everything goes correctly, you will see a lot of text scrolling on the screen. If it says something about a bad connection, try another number.

Make.conf

Now 'tis the time for all good men (and women) to edit their make.conf . This is not difficult, in fact have a look around the file. It may be long, but it is pretty simple. Now, uncomment the CPU setting and the CFLAGS setting. Set the CPU to your CPU (there will be a list in the comments above the setting) and set the CFLAGS to -O2. (NOTE: If the base system fails to build, downgrade your CFLAGS back to -O).




Build Your World

When CVSUP finishes (it will be awhile...go get some coffee), cd to /usr/src and run make buildworld. That command will do exactly what it sounds like. It builds your world, or base system. While its doing that, lets get you a kernel. First, cd to /usr/src/sys/i386/conf then cp GENERIC to some file of your choosing. Any name you want. However, be aware that this is going to show up in a uname -a. Now, crack open your new file and take a look at what a FreeBSD kernel config is like. There are many things you can do here that will improve performance and subtract in size. However, lets keep it simple. Near the top of the file will be the name GENERIC. Change that to your new name. You can now look through the file and you will find several sections that are just for debugging. These will indeed add size and slow down the kernel a bit, but I would leave them for now. Go to the end of the file and make a new line. Add the following:




device pcm



This will add sound support to the kernel. Be aware that you don't need to do this, you can load binary modules at boot or after boot, but this way is easy and sound is used often. Save the file and exit. Go back to your buildworld console and when its done execute make buildkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_CONFIG_NAME



NOTE: NOT THE PATH OF THE KERNEL CONFIG..it knows to look in /usr/src/sys/i386/conf




Installing Your World

This isn't that difficult. First run make installkernel KERNCONF= your config name. Now here is the interesting part. Run mergemaster -p, this program looks through your etc and updates it to match the new /etc in /usr/src. It will display changed files to you, press q and it will give you options. Something like i (install), m (merge) etc. Pick merge and it will open a nice little screen that shows you one file on the right and one on the left. It will go section by section, showing the areas that have changed. Press r or l to choose which section to keep. Its pretty easy to see which section has new stuff and which does not. After the merge, it will prompt you with options for the newly merged file. One of these will be install and this is the one you want. In the latest current, most of what you will be showed is user and group files. Make sure you do select the sections with the new users and groups. After this is done, it will ask you a couple questions that you can say yes to. Now that your /etc is updated run make installworld then reboot.



NOTE: You usually don't need to run mergemaster. However, 5.2.1 is a pretty old release and -CURRENT has come a long way.




I. Ports

Welcome to running current. The rest is easy. cd back to /usr and edit the ports supfile the same way you did the standard one. Run cvsup on it and wait. After its done, you will have a full ports tree. There is not much left to say. You now have a working system and a fully updated one too. To install software from ports cd to /usr/ports/category/softwarename/ and run make install clean . If you want linux binary support, install the linux_base port. To find where it is cd to /usr/ports and run make search name=linux_base | less . Enable loading the kernel modules for linux binary support by editing /etc/rc.conf. Just add the line linux_enable="YES" to the file and your set. If this is a desktop system, I would recommend installing /usr/ports/x11/xorg and your choice of /usr/ports/x11/gnome2 or kde3. Have fun .





Get it from:

http://www.madpenguin.org/cms/?m=show&id=185

Hacking Menggunakan DOS

Microsoft DOS datang dengan beberapa hacking tool tersembunyi yang akan saya diskusikan disini. Tool ini dapat ditemukan pada direktori c:\windows jika anda menggunakan win98 dan jika anda menggunakan winxp maka tool ini berada pada C:\winxp\system32. WinXP, Win2000 dan WinNT dirilis dengan beberapa tool internet tambahan. Jadi jika anda masih menggunakan win98 maka saya menyarankan agar menggantinya dengan WinXP. Yang tentunya memiliki fitur securiti tambahan dan perintah hacking internet yang bagus. Dalam manual ini saya akan membahas mengenai beberapa perintah yang ditemukan pada Win98 dan winXP

Jadi bagi pengguna window, berikut ini perintah-perintah hacking pada DOS.

1. ping
2. tracert
3. telnet
4. ftp
5. netstat

OK, inilah keterangannya.

1. ping

Utiliy ini digunakan untuk mencari keberadaan remote host. Yan gmengirmkan sebuah signal SYN ke remote host dan jika remote host membalas maka berarti memang ada suatu remote machine.

Cobalah anda ketik perintah ini:
C:\windows>ping/?
*************
Newbie tip: mengetik '/?' setelah perintah dos menampilkan helpnya. Jadi bagaimana anda belajar aneka perintah dos. Bukankah WinXP, WinNT dan Win2000 juga memiliki perintah ‘help’ untuk menampilkan seluruh perintah dos.
*************
Usage: ping [-t] [-a] [-n count] [-l size] [-f] [-i TTL] [-v TOS]
[-r count] [-s count] [[-j host-list] | [-k host-list]]
[-w timeout] destination-list
Options:
-t Ping the specified host until stopped.
To see statistics and continue - type Control-Break;
To stop - type Control-C.
-a Resolve addresses to hostnames.
-n count Number of echo requests to send.
-l size Send buffer size.
-f Set Don't Fragment flag in packet.
-i TTL Time To Live.
-v TOS Type Of Service.
-r count Record route for count hops.
-s count Timestamp for count hops.
-j host-list Loose source route along host-list.
-k host-list Strict source route along host-list.
-w timeout Timeout in milliseconds to wait for each reply.



Jadi saya dapat melakukan ping ke ip address apapun atau domain name untuk memeriksa keberadaannya di internet. Sebagai contoh saya mengetik “ping localhost” maka saya mendapatkan.
Pinging chintan [127.0.0.1] with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128
Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128
Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128
Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128

Ping statistics for 127.0.0.1:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms

************
Newbie tip: 'localhost' adalah ip 127.0.0.1 dan merupakan ip address kita sendiri. Juga dikenal sebagai loopback ip. Tapi saat anda terhubung ke internet anda akan diberi ip baru oleh isp anda sebagai identifikasi diri anda. Anda dapat mencari tahu ip anda dengan mengetik”winipcfg” pada menu Start-Run bagi pengguna Win98, sedangkan yang lainnya hanya mengetikkan “ipconfig” pada command prompt.
***********

Hal ini menunjukkan kepada saya bahwa 32 byte data dikirim ke 127.0.0.1 dan dibalas kembali kurang dari 10ms. TTL adalah Time To Live dan nilai range dari 0 hingga 255 (default 128). Sekarang biar kita lihat apa yang terjadi jika saya mengetik “ping www.yahoo.com”

Pinging www.yahoo.akadns.net [66.218.71.87] with 32 bytes of data:






Reply from 66.218.71.87: bytes=32 time=3448ms TTL=54
Reply from 66.218.71.87: bytes=32 time=2276ms TTL=54
Reply from 66.218.71.87: bytes=32 time=1799ms TTL=54
Reply from 66.218.71.87: bytes=32 time=2850ms TTL=54

Ping statistics for 66.218.71.87:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 1799ms, Maximum = 3448ms, Average = 2593ms



Tapi bagaimana ping tersebut digunakan oleh para hacker? Baiklah, ada dua opsi ‘|’ dan ‘-t’ yang mematikan. -| digunakan untuk spesifikasi ukuran buffer yang dikirimkan (defaultnya 32 byte) bagaimana jika saya mengetik “ping -| 65600 target.com” maka hal ini akan membawa maut 65600 paket data ke target.com yang lebih tinggi dari kapasitas TCP/IP 65535. Tindakan ini menyebabkan target.com menjadi hang dan harus di restart.

Dan jika saya mengetik “ping –t target.com” hal ini akan meneruskan pengiriman 32 byte data ke target.com hingga menghabiskan resource dan menyebabkan hang. Dua jenis serangan diatas dikenal sebagai ping attack bagi penyerang Dos.

***********
Newbie tip: 'Dos' yang terakhir disebutkan adalah Denial of service yang dilancarkan oleh hacker untuk menghentikan service pada remote machine.
***********
Catatan: Jenis serangan ini dimasa lalu sering digunakan, namun saat ini pada sistem yang telah diperbarui hal tersebut tidak akan bekerja lagi.

2. Tracert

Perintah Tracert melakukan penjejakan ke remote machine. Sebelum request kita menjangkau remote machine melalui router yang berbeda diantaranya. Tool tracert (dikenal sebagai ‘traceroute’ pada unix) pada awalnya dirancang untuk mencari router mana yang mengalami masalah. Perintah tersebut menunjukkan ip address router yang dilalui request kita sebelum menjangkau remote maching. Sebagai contoh, jika saya mengetik “tracert http://www.yahoo.com/” pada dos prompt maka akan terdapat:

Tracing route to www.yahoo.akadns.net [66.218.71.87]
over a maximum of 30 hops:

1 * 2296 ms 2025 ms dialpool-210-214-55-11.maa.sify.net [210.214.55.11]
2 2446 ms 2025 ms 2301 ms dialpool-210-214-55-2.maa.sify.net [210.214.55.2]
3 1899 ms 2066 ms 2450 ms lan-202-144-32-177.maa.sify.net [202.144.32.177]
4 * 2885 ms 2749 ms lan-202-144-83-4.maa.sify.net [202.144.83.4]
5 * * * Request timed out.
6 * * * Request timed out.
7 * * * Request timed out.
8 * * * Request timed out.
9 * * * Request timed out.
10 * 3408 ms * www.yahoo.akadns.net [66.218.71.87]
11 * * * Request timed out.
12 * * * Request timed out.
13 * * * Request timed out.
14 * * * Request timed out.
15 * * * Request timed out.
16 * * * Request timed out.
17 482 ms 698 ms 624 ms w8.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.71.87]

Trace complete.

Baris pertama memberitahukan kita ip mana yang menjejaki dan kemudian jumlah hop. Jumlah hop tergantung pada jumlah server yang ada diantaranya. Setelah memulai tracing. Request pertama saya melalui sify.net (nama ISP server saya) kemudian melalui server yang berbeda dan terakhir menjangkau w8.scd.yahoo.com. Jadi kita dapat melihat berapa lama prosedurnya. Kapanpun anda membuka http://www.yahoo.com/ dalam web browser, request anda selalu melalui isp dulu (untuk mendapatkan ip dari http://www.yahoo.com/ dari daftar nama domainnya) kemudian server lain dalam jalur tersebut dan terakhir pada yahoo.
Jadi bagaimana tracert digunakan oleh para hacker. Perintah ini digunakan untuk mencari firewall dan melumpuhkannya. Tracer digunakan bersamaan dengan nmap dapat mengetahui ip sebenarnya dimana firewall terpasang, kemudian hacker tersebut akan melumpuhkannya. Untuk contoh diatas kita melihat bahwa proses tracing terhenti pada w8.scd.yahoo.com. Namun hal ini bukanlah tujuan sebenarnya. Hal itu dikarenakan dihentikan oleh firewall. Mengenai masalah firewall akan kita bahas dalam artikel tersendiri.

3. Telnet

Jika anda menggunakan windows maka ‘telnet’ merupakan hacking tool terhebat bagi anda. Sebenarnya merupakan sebuah terminal yang dapat mengakses remote machine dan menggunakan service-nya. Melalui telnet anda dapat menentukan suatu koneksi antara mesin anda dan remote machine melalui port tertentu.

***********
Newbie tip: Disini saya membicarakan tentang virtual port. Tidak secara fisik yang anda lihat dibalik CPU anda. Hanya sebagai physical port yang digunakan untuk koneksi ke hardware dan dengan cara yang sama virtual port digunakan untuk koneksi pada software. TCP/IP memiliki 65,535 virtual port.
***********
Jika anda mengentik “telnet target.com” maka anda terhubung ke target.com pada prot no. 23 (port yang menjalankan telnet service). Anda juga bisa terhubung ke suatu port lainnya dengan mengetik nomor port setelah target.com. sebagai contoh jika saya ingin terhubung ke port no. 25 (SMTP service) maka salya akan mengetik “telnet target.com 25”.
***********
Newbie tip: Setiap port menjalankan service tertentu. Untuk mendaptkan daftar service yang dijalankan pada port tertentu yang bukalah “C:\windows\services" pada notepad.
***********
Sesaat anda terhubung ke sebuah remote machine pada port tertentu, sebuah window popup telnet dengan daemon yang menjalankan port tersebut menunggu anda mengetikkan perintah. Sebagai contoh “telnet http://www.cyberspace.org/” maka seperti gambar dibawah inilah yang saya dapatkan.




Saya harus login disana dan mengetik suatu password dan saya mendapatkan linux shell prompt. Baiklah jika anda mengetikan newuser disana untuk mendapatkan sebuah LoginID dan Password. Dan stelah itu saya menyiapkan perintah untuk mengeksekusi secara remote.

Well, http://www.cyberspace.org/ memiliki server Linux. Jadi jika anda tidak familiar dengan Linux anda tidak akan mampu menggunakan service-nya.



4. FTP

FTP adalah File Transfer Protocol. Melalui ini anda dapat mendownload atau mengupload file. Dan apa yang hacker inginkan dari ini? Benar!! Tinggal mengeti “ftp target.com” dan daemon banner akan ditampilkan. Tapi disini, dengan tujuan menampilkan file transfer pertama kali anda harus login. Beberapa website mengijinkan adanya naonymous login. Contohnya mengetikkan login “anonymous” dan email-address anda sebagai password. Tentunya anda harus mengetikkan email palsu. Sekarang anda boleh mulai mendownload dan mengupload file. Namun untuk itu anda adanya suatu perintah. Pada FTP prompt anda dapat mengetikkan “?”. Maka akan ditampilkan sbb:


! delete literal prompt send
? debug ls put status
append dir mdelete pwd trace
ascii disconnect mdir quit type
bell get mget quote user
binary globe mkdir recv verbose
bye hash mls remotehelp
cd help mput rename
close lcd open rmdir

Untuk mendaptkan bantuan pada berbagai perintah contohnya perintah delete, mengetikan “? Delete”. Beberapa perintah penting lainnya adalah:

1. 'pwd' to know the present directory at remote machine.
contohnya. ftp>pwd
/etc/home
2. 'lcd' to change the local directory.
contohnya. ftp>lcd C:\windows
local directory now C:\windows
3. 'cd' to change the remote directory.
contohnya. ftp>cd /etc
remote directory now /etc
4. 'mput' to send multiple files to remote machine.
contohnya. ftp>mput *.*
sends all files from C:\windows to /etc
5. 'mget' to get multiple files from remote machine.
contohnya. ftp>mget *.*
gets all files from /etc to C:\windows
6. 'open' to establish a connection with remote host.
contohnya. ftp>open www.target.com
7. 'bye' closes the connection and quits from ftp

Untuk perintah lainnya dari ftp silakan lihat help mereka.

Sekarang pada yang port FTP (prot 21) adalah membuka http://www.nosecurity.com/. Seorang hacker akan terhubung ke situs tersebut menggunakan “ftp http://www.nosecurity.com/” pada dos prompt. Kemudian dia akan mencoba login secara anonymous. Dengan anggapan bahwa http://www.nosecurity.com/ menggunakan linux server, maka hacker tersebut akan mengtikkan perintah “get /etc/apsswd” untuk mendaptkan file password dan mengcracknya. Jika anda adalah seorang hacker, maka jangan lupa untuk menghapus log tersebut.



5. netstat

Anda dapat menentukan suatu koneksi dengan remote machine pada port tertentu, hanya saat port tersebut dibuka pada remote machine. Sebagai contoh, jika anda ingin menentukan sebuah koneksi dengan http://www.target.com/ pada port 23 (telnet) maka port tersebut seharusnya terbuka pada http://www.target.com/. Dan seluruh aktifitas hacking umumnya menggunakan port yang terbuka. Mengetikkan “netstat /?” pada dos prompt memberikan:


Displays protocol statistics and current TCP/IP network connections.

NETSTAT [-a] [-e] [-n] [-s] [-p proto] [-r] [interval]

-a Displays all connections and listening ports.
-e Displays Ethernet statistics. This may be combined with the -s
option.
-n Displays addresses and port numbers in numerical form.
-p proto Shows connections for the protocol specified by proto; proto
may be TCP or UDP. If used with the -s option to display
per-protocol statistics, proto may be TCP, UDP, or IP.
-r Displays the routing table.
-s Displays per-protocol statistics. By default, statistics are
shown for TCP, UDP and IP; the -p option may be used to specify
a subset of the default.
interval Redisplays selected statistics, pausing interval seconds
between each display. Press CTRL+C to stop redisplaying
statistics. If omitted, netstat will print the current
configuration information once.

Opsi akan menjelaskan fungsinya masing-masing. Dan yang terpenting adalah opsi –a dan –n. Opsi –a menampilkan seluruh port yang terbuka pada mesin tersebut. Dan jika saya menggunakan opsi –n maka akan menunjukkan ip address sebagai ganti dari domain. Saya mendapatkan hal berikut ini jika saya mengetik “netstat –a” pada command prompt.


Active Connections

Proto Local Address Foreign Address State
TCP chintan:1027 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING
TCP chintan:80 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING
TCP chintan:135 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING
TCP chintan:6435 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING
TCP chintan:1025 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING
TCP chintan:1026 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING
TCP chintan:1028 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING
TCP chintan:1309 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING
TCP chintan:1310 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING
TCP chintan:1285 rumcajs.box.sk:80 ESTABLISHED
TCP chintan:1296 l an-202-144-78-3.maa.sify.net:80 CLOSE_WAIT
TCP chintan:1297 lan-202-144-65-14.sify.net:80 ESTABLISHED
TCP chintan:1310 cdn-v13.websys.aol.com:80 ESTABLISHED
TCP chintan:1220 aiedownload.cps.intel.com:ftp ESTABLISHED

”Proto” menyatakan nama protocol tersebut, “localaddress” memberikan ipaddress kita dan port yang terbuka. “Foreign Address” menyatkaan ipaddress dengan namor port yang terhubung ke kita. “State” menyatakan pernyataan saat ini jika suatu koneksi “established” atau listening atau hanya “waiting”.

Sebagai contoh jika saya membuka http://www.yahoo.com/ maka saat saya menjalankan “netstat –a” saya akan mendapatkan masukan seperti ini:

"TCP 203.43.50.81:2034 www.yahoo.com:80 ESTABLISHED"

Komputer saya dengan ip 203.43.50.81 melalui port 2034 terhubung dengan yahoo pada port 80


*************
Newbie tip: Dengna cara ini anda bisa mendapatkan ip seseorang yang chatting dengan ada. Pertama kali jalankan “netstat –an” dan lihat dibawah foreign ip address. Sekarang mulailah private chating dengan orang lain. Juga jalankan “netstat –an” dan anda akan mendapatkan satu lagin foreign ip pada akhirnya. Inilah ip orang tersebut.
*************



For any questions on this commands please feel free to mail me. My email address is chesschintan@hotmail.com

How to Linux boot

How Linux boots

As it turns out, there isn't much to the boot process:

1. A boot loader finds the kernel image on the disk, loads it into memory, and starts it.
2. The kernel initializes the devices and its drivers.
3. The kernel mounts the root filesystem.
4. The kernel starts a program called init.
5. init sets the rest of the processes in motion.
6. The last processes that init starts as part of the boot sequence allow you to log in.

Identifying each stage of the boot process is invaluable in fixing boot problems and understanding the system as a whole. To start, zero in on the boot loader, which is the initial screen or prompt you get after the computer does its power-on self-test, asking which operating system to run. After you make a choice, the boot loader runs the Linux kernel, handing control of the system to the kernel.

There is a detailed discussion of the kernel elsewhere in this book from which this article is excerpted. This article covers the kernel initialization stage, the stage when the kernel prints a bunch of messages about the hardware present on the system. The kernel starts init just after it displays a message proclaiming that the kernel has mounted the root filesystem:

VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem) readonly.

Soon after, you will see a message about init starting, followed by system service startup messages, and finally you get a login prompt of some sort.

NOTE On Red Hat Linux, the init note is especially obvious, because it "welcomes" you to "Red Hat Linux." All messages thereafter show success or failure in brackets at the right-hand side of the screen.

Most of this chapter deals with init, because it is the part of the boot sequence where you have the most control.
init

There is nothing special about init. It is a program just like any other on the Linux system, and you'll find it in /sbin along with other system binaries. The main purpose of init is to start and stop other programs in a particular sequence. All you have to know is how this sequence works.

There are a few different variations, but most Linux distributions use the System V style discussed here. Some distributions use a simpler version that resembles the BSD init, but you are unlikely to encounter this.

Runlevels

At any given time on a Linux system, a certain base set of processes is running. This state of the machine is called its runlevel, and it is denoted with a number from 0 through 6. The system spends most of its time in a single runlevel. However, when you shut the machine down, init switches to a different runlevel in order to terminate the system services in an orderly fashion and to tell the kernel to stop. Yet another runlevel is for single-user mode, discussed later.

The easiest way to get a handle on runlevels is to examine the init configuration file, /etc/inittab. Look for a line like the following:

id:5:initdefault:

This line means that the default runlevel on the system is 5. All lines in the inittab file take this form, with four fields separated by colons occurring in the following order:
# A unique identifier (a short string, such as id in the preceding example)
# The applicable runlevel number(s)
# The action that init should take (in the preceding example, the action is to set the default runlevel to 5)
# A command to execute (optional)

There is no command to execute in the preceding initdefault example because a command doesn't make sense in the context of setting the default runlevel. Look a little further down in inittab, until you see a line like this:

l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 5

This line triggers most of the system configuration and services through the rc*.d and init.d directories. You can see that init is set to execute a command called /etc/rc.d/rc 5 when in runlevel 5. The wait action tells when and how init runs the command: run rc 5 once when entering runlevel 5, and then wait for this command to finish before doing anything else.

There are several different actions in addition to initdefault and wait, especially pertaining to power management, and the inittab(5) manual page tells you all about them. The ones that you're most likely to encounter are explained in the following sections.

respawn

The respawn action causes init to run the command that follows, and if the command finishes executing, to run it again. You're likely to see something similar to this line in your inittab file:

1:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty1

The getty programs provide login prompts. The preceding line is for the first virtual console (/dev/tty1), the one you see when you press ALT-F1 or CONTROL-ALT-F1. The respawn action brings the login prompt back after you log out.

ctrlaltdel

The ctrlaltdel action controls what the system does when you press CONTROL-ALT-DELETE on a virtual console. On most systems, this is some sort of reboot command using the shutdown command.

sysinit

The sysinit action is the very first thing that init should run when it starts up, before entering any runlevels.

How processes in runlevels start

You are now ready to learn how init starts the system services, just before it lets you log in. Recall this inittab line from earlier:

l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 5

This small line triggers many other programs. rc stands for run commands, and you will hear people refer to the commands as scripts, programs, or services. So, where are these commands, anyway?

For runlevel 5, in this example, the commands are probably either in /etc/rc.d/rc5.d or /etc/rc5.d. Runlevel 1 uses rc1.d, runlevel 2 uses rc2.d, and so on. You might find the following items in the rc5.d directory:

S10sysklogd S20ppp S99gpm
S12kerneld S25netstd_nfs S99httpd
S15netstd_init S30netstd_misc S99rmnologin
S18netbase S45pcmcia S99sshd
S20acct S89atd
S20logoutd S89cron

The rc 5 command starts programs in this runlevel directory by running the following commands:

S10sysklogd start
S12kerneld start
S15netstd_init start
S18netbase start
...
S99sshd start

Notice the start argument in each command. The S in a command name means that the command should run in start mode, and the number (00 through 99) determines where in the sequence rc starts the command.

The rc*.d commands are usually shell scripts that start programs in /sbin or /usr/sbin. Normally, you can figure out what one of the commands actually does by looking at the script with less or another pager program.

You can start one of these services by hand. For example, if you want to start the httpd Web server program manually, run S99httpd start. Similarly, if you ever need to kill one of the services when the machine is on, you can run the command in the rc*.d directory with the stop argument (S99httpd stop, for instance).

Some rc*.d directories contain commands that start with K (for "kill," or stop mode). In this case, rc runs the command with the stop argument instead of start. You are most likely to encounter K commands in runlevels that shut the system down.

Adding and removing services

If you want to add, delete, or modify services in the rc*.d directories, you need to take a closer look at the files inside. A long listing reveals a structure like this:

lrwxrwxrwx . . . S10sysklogd -> ../init.d/sysklogd
lrwxrwxrwx . . . S12kerneld -> ../init.d/kerneld
lrwxrwxrwx . . . S15netstd_init -> ../init.d/netstd_init
lrwxrwxrwx . . . S18netbase -> ../init.d/netbase
...

The commands in an rc*.d directory are actually symbolic links to files in an init.d directory, usually in /etc or /etc/rc.d. Linux distributions contain these links so that they can use the same startup scripts for all runlevels. This convention is by no means a requirement, but it often makes organization a little easier.

To prevent one of the commands in the init.d directory from running in a particular runlevel, you might think of removing the symbolic link in the appropriate rc*.d directory. This does work, but if you make a mistake and ever need to put the link back in place, you might have trouble remembering the exact name of the link. Therefore, you shouldn't remove links in the rc*.d directories, but rather, add an underscore (_) to the beginning of the link name like this:

mv S99httpd _S99httpd

At boot time, rc ignores _S99httpd because it doesn't start with S or K. Furthermore, the original name is still obvious, and you have quick access to the command if you're in a pinch and need to start it by hand.

To add a service, you must create a script like the others in the init.d directory and then make a symbolic link in the correct rc*.d directory. The easiest way to write a script is to examine the scripts already in init.d, make a copy of one that you understand, and modify the copy.

When adding a service, make sure that you choose an appropriate place in the boot sequence to start the service. If the service starts too soon, it may not work, due to a dependency on some other service. For non-essential services, most systems administrators prefer numbers in the 90s, after most of the services that came with the system.

Linux distributions usually come with a command to enable and disable services in the rc*.d directories. For example, in Debian, the command is update-rc.d, and in Red Hat Linux, the command is chkconfig. Graphical user interfaces are also available. Using these programs helps keep the startup directories consistent and helps with upgrades.

HINT: One of the most common Linux installation problems is an improperly configured XFree86 server that flicks on and off, making the system unusable on console. To stop this behavior, boot into single-user mode and alter your runlevel or runlevel services. Look for something containing xdm, gdm, or kdm in your rc*.d directories, or your /etc/inittab.

Controlling init

Occasionally, you need to give init a little kick to tell it to switch runlevels, to re-read the inittab file, or just to shut down the system. Because init is always the first process on a system, its process ID is always 1.

You can control init with telinit. For example, if you want to switch to runlevel 3, use this command:

telinit 3

When switching runlevels, init tries to kill off any processes that aren't in the inittab file for the new runlevel. Therefore, you should be careful about changing runlevels.

When you need to add or remove respawning jobs or make any other change to the inittab file, you must tell init about the change and cause it to re-read the file. Some people use kill -HUP 1 to tell init to do this. This traditional method works on most versions of Unix, as long as you type it correctly. However, you can also run this telinit command:

telinit q

You can also use telinit s to switch to single-user mode.

Shutting down

init also controls how the system shuts down and reboots. The proper way to shut down a Linux machine is to use the shutdown command.

There are two basic ways to use shutdown. If you halt the system, it shuts the machine down and keeps it down. To make the machine halt immediately, use this command:

shutdown -h now

On most modern machines with reasonably recent versions of Linux, a halt cuts the power to the machine. You can also reboot the machine. For a reboot, use -r instead of -h.

The shutdown process takes several seconds. You should never reset or power off a machine during this stage.

In the preceding example, now is the time to shut down. This argument is mandatory, but there are many ways of specifying it. If you want the machine to go down sometime in the future, one way is to use +n, where n is the number of minutes shutdown should wait before doing its work. For other options, look at the shutdown(8) manual page.

To make the system reboot in 10 minutes, run this command:

shutdown -r +10

On Linux, shutdown notifies anyone logged on that the machine is going down, but it does little real work. If you specify a time other than now, shutdown creates a file called /etc/nologin. When this file is present, the system prohibits logins by anyone except the superuser.

When system shutdown time finally arrives, shutdown tells init to switch to runlevel 0 for a halt and runlevel 6 for a reboot. When init enters runlevel 0 or 6, all of the following takes place, which you can verify by looking at the scripts inside rc0.d and rc6.d:

1. init kills every process that it can (as it would when switching to any other runlevel).

# The initial rc0.d/rc6.d commands run, locking system files into place and making other preparations for shutdown.
# The next rc0.d/rc6.d commands unmount all filesystems other than the root.
# Further rc0.d/rc6.d commands remount the root filesystem read-only.
# Still more rc0.d/rc6.d commands write all buffered data out to the filesystem with the sync program.
# The final rc0.d/rc6.d commands tell the kernel to reboot or stop with the reboot, halt, or poweroff program.

The reboot and halt programs behave differently for each runlevel, potentially causing confusion. By default, these programs call shutdown with the -r or -h options, but if the system is already at the halt or reboot runlevel, the programs tell the kernel to shut itself off immediately. If you really want to shut your machine down in a hurry (disregarding any possible damage from a disorderly shutdown), use the -f option.

The Magic of DOS

In this guide you will learn how to telnet , forge email, use
nslookup and netcat with Windows XP.
So you have the newest, glitziest, "Fisher Price" version of Windows: XP. How can you use XP in a way that sets you apart from the boring millions of ordinary users?
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Luser Alert: Anyone who thinks this GTMHH will reveal how to blow up people's TV sets and steal Sandra Bullock's email is going to find out that I won't tell them how.
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The key to doing amazing things with XP is as simple as D O S. Yes, that's right, DOS as in MS-DOS, as in MicroSoft Disk Operating System. Windows XP (as well as NT and 2000) comes with two versions of DOS. Command.com is an old DOS version. Various versions of command.com come with Windows 95, 98, SE, ME, Window 3, and DOS only operating systems.
The other DOS, which comes only with the XP, 2000 and NT operating systems, is cmd.exe. Usually cmd.exe is better than command.com because it is easier to use, has more commands, and in some ways resembles the bash shell in Linux and other Unix-type operating systems. For example, you can repeat a command by using the up arrow until you back up to the desired command. Unlike bash, however, your DOS command history is erased whenever you shut down cmd.exe. The reason XP has both versions of DOS is that sometimes a program that won?t run right in cmd.exe will work in command.com
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Flame Alert: Some readers are throwing fits because I dared to compare DOS to bash. I can compare cmd.exe to bash if I want to. Nanny nanny nah nah.
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DOS is your number one Windows gateway to the Internet, and the open sesame to local area networks. From DOS, without needing to download a single hacker program, you can do amazingly sophisticated explorations and even break into poorly defended computers.
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You can go to jail warning: Breaking into computers is against the law if you do not have permission to do so from the owner of that computer. For example, if your friend gives you permission to break into her Hotmail account, that won't protect you because Microsoft owns Hotmail and they will never give you permission.
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You can get expelled warning: Some kids have been kicked out of school just for bringing up a DOS prompt on a computer. Be sure to get a teacher's WRITTEN permission before demonstrating that you can hack on a school computer.
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So how do you turn on DOS?
Click All Programs -> Accessories -> Command Prompt
That runs cmd.exe. You should see a black screen with white text on it, saying something like this:



Microsoft Windows XP [Version 5.1.2600]
(C) Copyright 1985-2001 Microsoft Corp.
C:\>
Your first step is to find out what commands you can run in DOS. If you type "help" at the DOS prompt, it gives you a long list of commands. However, this list leaves out all the commands hackers love to use. Here are some of those left out hacker commands.
TCP/IP commands:
telnet
netstat
nslookup
tracert
ping
ftp
NetBIOS commands (just some examples):
nbtstat
net use
net view
net localgroup
TCP/IP stands for transmission control protocol/Internet protocol. As you can guess by the name, TCP/IP is the protocol under which the Internet runs. along with user datagram protocol (UDP). So when you are connected to the Internet, you can try these commands against other Internet computers. Most local area networks also use TCP/IP.
NetBIOS (Net Basic Input/Output System) protocol is another way to communicate between computers. This is often used by Windows computers, and by Unix/Linux type computers running Samba. You can often use NetBIOS commands over the Internet (being carried inside of, so to speak, TCP/IP). In many cases, however, NetBIOS commands will be blocked by firewalls. Also, not many Internet computers run NetBIOS because it is so easy to break in using them. We will cover NetBIOS commands in the next Guide to XP Hacking.